In food, fats are in the form of triglycerides (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains). There are a few types of fatty acids: Saturated , where the fatty acid chain has no double bonds (think of the hydrocarbon chain being saturated with hydrogens. Animal products such as lard, butter, whole milk, eggs and meat [...]
(or Oxidative Phosphorylation) The final part of is called the electron transport chain, where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. Oxidative phosphorylation refers to phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using energy released by oxidation of + H+. The electron transport chain takes place on the inner mitrochondrial membrane, using NADH + H+ made by and the Kreb’s cycle. [...]
The first phase of , , is said to be anaerobic. Anaerobic means it doesn’t need oxygen (the opposite is aerobic – requiring oxygen). During intense exercise, oxygen in the blood gets used up quickly and sometimes there isn’t enough. The lack of oxygen blocks oxidative phosphorylation (see electron transport chain). NADH + H+ that [...]
Electron carriers in cells accept and give away electrons to facilitate reduction (gain of electrons) and oxidation (loss of electrons). They are crucial in and are found on the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts (the energy producing organelles of animals and plant cells respectively). NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is the main electron carrier in [...]
In order for a cell to carry out its functions, it requires energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration is the way cells make this ATP, using food as its fuel. is the most common starting point for cellular respiration (although other sugars, fats and proteins can also be used). The overall equation for [...]
Glycolysis is the breaking down (lysis) of (glyco) into pyruvate (also known as pyruvic acid). It is the first part of cellular respiration, where cells use glucose as fuel for energy (making ATP). Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, and some energy is made in the process. This part of respiration does [...]
Disaccharides are formed when 2 monosaccharides are linked together by a glycosidic linkage. Maltose used for beer brewing is glucose + glucose. Lactose, found in milk, is glucose + galactose. Sucrose, table sugar, is actually glucose + fructose. Plants (including fruits and vegetables) usually carry carbohydrates from their leaves to other parts in the form [...]
Polysaccharides are polymers of sugars, where hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic linkages. A glycosidic linkage is a covalent bond that is formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction — the removal of a water molecule (H + OH). Polysaccharides are used for: 1. Storage In plant cells, excess made by [...]
Glycogen is a polysaccharide consisting of. It is a branched polymer — that means it is not linear/straight but has long chains of glucose coming off the sides of another glucose chain. Animal cells store glucose in the form of glycogen. After eating, glucose levels in the blood increase, causing to be released. Glucose is [...]
Glucose is a simple sugar, a monosaccharide, that has the molecular formula C6 H12 O6. Other forms of monosaccharides are such as fructose and galactose. Glucose is used by our bodies as fuel for energy; they are the major starting points for cellular respiration which produces ATP. When glucose levels in the blood are high, [...]
